Defensive Homicide Essay

Under defensive homicide in the crimes act (2005), A person who, by his or her conduct, kills another person in circumstances that, but for section 9AC, would constitute murder, is guilty of an indictable offence (defensive homicide) and liable to level 3 imprisonment (20 years maximum) if he or she did not have reasonable grounds for the belief referred to in that section. Explain the law of self defence in relation to homicide cases The law of self defence in relation to homicide case are that a person is not guilty of murder if he or she carries out the conduct that would otherwise constitute murder while believing the conduct to be necessary to defend himself or herself or another person from the infliction of death or really serious injury. In regard to an Alternative verdict of defensive homicide on charge for murder, If on the trial of a person for murder the jury are not satisfied that he or she is guilty of murder but are satisfied that he or she is guilty of an offence against section 9AD (defensive homicide), the jury may acquit the accused of murder and find him or her guilty of defensive homicide and he or she is liable to punishment accordingly. The reasons why the defence of provocation was abolished in Victoria in 2005. The reason as to why the defense of provocation was abolished in Victoria in 2005 was because it was a recommendation by the Victorian Law Reform Commission in a review of defenses to homicide. Reasons as to why it was in review in the first place was because it promoted a culture of blaming the victim and had no place in a modern society, also it had served to excuse male violence against women. Provocation was abolished because the Victorian legislature believed it was outdated and no longer reflected the norms of modern society. Specifically, it was no longer appropriate for the criminal law to have a defense available that for all intents and purposes condoned male violence against women and blamed the female victim for her own fate. Other reason as why it was abolished was that it shouldn’t be used for an individual loss of self-control is an inappropriate basis for a partial efence—people should be able to control their impulses, even when angry, gender biased, privileges a loss of self-control as a basis for a defence, the test for provocation is conceptually confused, complex and difficult for juries to understand and apply, is an anomaly—it is not a defence to any crime other than murder and is an anachronism—as we no longer have a mandatory sentence for murder, provocation should be taken into account at sentencing as it is for all other offences. Do you believe the objectives of the Government when it introduced this crime have been subsequently achieved in court cases? Fact: the majority of men convicted of defensive homicide have been males killing other men). Refer to TWO (2) Victorian cases which have applied the offence of defensive homicide. I do not believe that the objectives of the government when it introduced this crime haven been subsequently achieved in court cases. The government introduce this law with the intention to be a reform of the law when someone had a genuine motivation of self-defence but the change to the law has failed to work as intended and instead appears to be being used by offenders to escape full responsibility where they deserve to be convicted of murder. The law of Defensive homicide is intended to be applied in cases where people kill to defend themselves or others – such as victims of prolonged domestic violence. Instead males are killing other males and are using the defence homicide charge to get a lower sentence. One case is R v Smith [2008] VSC 87 (1 April 2008), the victim and the offender had a conflict at a party that they both attended, the victim left then returned in aggressive state. A Fight ensued and the offender stabbed the victim. The Victim was also using a knife against the offender. Mr Smith pleaded guilty to defensive homicide and was sentenced to 7 years imprisonment and non-parole of 5 years. The other case is R v Edwards [2008] VSC 297 (13 August 2008), the victim initially threatened to hit the offender with a table leg. The offender grabbed the table leg and hit the victim in the head also used glass bottles as well. The Attack continued after victim was unconscious and occurred in presence of offender’s son and victim’s partner. Mr Edwards pleaded guilty to defensive homicide and was sentenced to 9. 5 years imprisonment and non-parole of 7. 5 years. Describe some criticisms that have been made of defensive homicide. Some criticisms that could be made against defensive homicide could be that defensive homicide is being misused on the basis that it has been used almost exclusively by men who kill other men, and not for those for whom it was intended. Defensive homicide was introduced as a ‘safety net’ for women who kill their violent abusers once provocation was abolished. The law is meant to protect battered women being abused by brutal men. Defensive homicide applies when an accused believed – although unreasonably – that they needed to defend themselves or another person using force, and this resulted in the victim’s death. The offence may therefore be proved when a victim has behaved in a way, such as committing or threatening to commit an act of violence, which led the offender to unreasonably believe that lethal violence was necessary to defend themselves. However, in six of the 16 guilty plea convictions, it appears there was no prior violent exchange (physical or verbal) between the victim and offender. So they are using this defense but in the outline of defensive homicide it states that when a person kills another while believing the conduct was necessary to defend themselves or another from death or really serious injury where they did not have reasonable grounds for this belief, but they aren’t having to show that they were in fright of their life. Also not having to go to court and pleading out the case is another criticism, so for an accused to plead guilty to defensive homicide, the prosecution must agree to withdraw any other homicide-related charges, including murder. The decision to enter and accept a guilty plea has been made by the prosecution and the accused only. As a consequence, the public is left to trust that these parties have upheld the same judicial principles that would apply to a conviction after trial. Your reflections on whether or not defensive homicide should be abolished and whether you believe further reform is needed in this area I don’t believe that defensive homicide should be abolished because if it was to be abolished would the law adapt and deal with cases that have a long term family violence which this law was attended to apply to. Maybe defensive homicide should only be limited to serious family violence. The law is there for a safety net for women who kill violent partners who have been violently abusing their spouse for an extend period of time and not for males to kill other males. One in five Victorian women report being physically or sexually abused by an intimate partner at some time in their life and if the law was to be abolished maybe the victims would feel as if no one understands what they are going thru or care to. And by doing that more women might stay in a violent relationship and more women might end up dying. The law of defensive homicide needs to be reform if it is to be kept because it has become a blur so to speak, it has failed to realise its intended purpose.

DVD Players vs. VCR Players essays

DVD Players vs. VCR Players essays The VCR, which was invented in 1971 by Sony, has had its share of good years in the United States but the new device on the block are the DVD players. The DVD player was invented in 1996 in Japan, but in 1997 only a year later, it was first acknowledged in the United States. The DVD player has simplified the lives of many people around the world for three main reasons: quality, simplicity, and multiplicity. The quality of a DVD player while playing a DVD opposed to a VCR playing a videotape is completely different. The DVD player has a sharp and flamboyant picture; on the other hand, the VCR has a dull and sometimes streaky picture. After many years of purchasing videotapes and placing them on a shelf in your living room, the tapes become dusty which unfortunately affects the clarity of your movie once placed into your VCR. Any person who has experienced a VCR before is familiar with the tracking button on your remote control. The purpose of this button is to continuously press the button until the movie on your television is crystal clear again. The DVD player doesnt have this inconvenience, so anyone can enjoy a movie without the hassle of having poor quality. The simplicity of a DVD player is that it is simple to use. The moment you insert a DVD into the player all a person has to do is press play, and when that person has finished the movie he or she can merely eject the DVD from the player. There isnt any rewinding involved with a DVD, which is one less thing to do. The final splendid feature involves the ability to skip from chapter to chapter of a movie to find where he or she had left off during the movie instead of fast forwarding throughout it the whole time. A DVD player has a multiplicity of options that are imbedded into it. For example, a feature that reaches out to people who may not speak English in the United States is one of them. This feature allows a person to change the original language of ...

An Analysis of Exposure by Wilfred Owen Essay Example

An Analysis of Exposure by Wilfred Owen Essay Example An Analysis of Exposure by Wilfred Owen Paper An Analysis of Exposure by Wilfred Owen Paper Essay Topic: Poetry Owen used his poetry as a means of exposing the truth to the ordinary citizens and propaganda at the time of World War One, becoming a stark contrast to the information distributed by the army and government. He was a soldier himself and was killed in action one week before the war ended. In this analysis I will by focusing on how Owen exposes the conditions that soldiers in World War 1 had to endure. He uses many different techniques, including personification, symbolism, imagery, questions, emotive language, contrast, repetition and more. Owen uses the technique of asking questions throughout the poem in order to portray exactly how bad the conditions for the soldiers were, such as ‘what are we doing here? ’ It gives the reader time for reflection and encourages them to read more deeply into the poem, considering exactly why the soldiers are where they are – in order to save our country. Another example is the question; ‘Is it that we are dying? ’ This question is particularly effective as it reminds the reader exactly how harsh the conditions are and the life-or-death situation the soldiers are facing. The positioning of the questions is also very effective – the above two examples are situated at the end of two stanzas, allowing time for the reader to reflect on one stanza before moving on to the next. Another technique Owen uses is symbolism. He often gives words and objects deeper meanings; frequently making them symbolize something else. An example of this is ‘dawn massing in the east her melancholy army’. While this is clearly referring to the weather and clouds, it could also mean the enemies preparing themselves for battle en masse, or that everything is against the soldiers, even nature and therefore God. Another example is that ‘all their eyes were ice’. On the surface, this could mean cold temperatures, but if looked at in more depth it could symbolize inner mental turmoil. In addition, it is believed by some that eyes are subject to inner emotions. If eyes are windows to the soul, ‘ice’ could suggest that they are numbed on the inside, either by the extreme cold or the horror of war so great one cannot cope fully in control of his emotions. In addition, Owen uses similes to try and portray the horror of war. Similes help readers to understand things that they have never experienced or cannot imagine by relating them to things everyone can comprehend. The similes Owen uses are particularly disturbing as they illustrate the pain and suffering of the soldiers. Stating that something is ‘like twitching agonies of men’ is troubling as we do not expect soldiers to be ‘twitching’ in agony. We expect them to be fighting valiantly, which makes it even more disturbing. Owen also describes bullets in the distance as ‘like a dull roar of some other war’, suggesting that these men are feeling detached from the war and life itself, either due to shock or loss. It is easier for us readers to comprehend the soldier’s extreme emotional states through Owen’s use of similes. Repetition is another of Owen’s effective techniques. Phrases such as ‘but nothing happens’ are repeated many times throughout the poem and this helps us understand in part the depression and helplessness that the men are feeling. It also shows represents their disappointment after waiting in extreme anticipation. These repetitions are also at the end of different stanzas, increasing the sense of finality and assurance that no help is coming for the soldiers. In addition, Owen repeats the word ‘dying’ at the end of stanzas, reiterating the point that these men are on the brink of death and are dying from the weather conditions, not enemy bullets. Death from weather conditions is preventable, and Owen is subtly accusing the army and government of abandoning these men. Another particularly effective technique Owen uses is personification. He particularly personifies the weather, giving the impression that even nature and God are against them. For example, the ‘merciless iced east winds that knife [them]’ implies that the ‘winds’ are alive and are causing them even more pain. It increases the sense of isolation the soldiers are feeling and also their helplessness and vulnerability. The ‘mad gusts’ of wind where also ‘tugging on the wire’, implying that the winds are trying to rip away the barbs. Perhaps the most effective example of personification is the fact that ‘dawn [was] massing in the east her melancholy army’. Dawn then ‘attacks once more in ranks on shivering ranks of gray. This means that dawn is preparing clouds for further snow and cold in order to attack the ranks of soldiers on the ground. Dawn is supposed to be a new day and therefore new hope, however Owen has portrayed it to be an enemy that is trying to kill more of them. The snow is also personified; it flakes ‘wandering up and down’ on the wind. The ‘flakes’ are described as dainty and harmless, but in truth they are freezing the soldiers to death and more lethal the enemy bullets. The ‘flakes’ are also described as ‘feeling for [their] faces’ with ‘lingering stealth’. The flakes seem more formidable here, as if they are deliberately trying to land on the soldiers and therefore make them even colder. We can read lots of meanings into the personification Owen uses, helping us understand the true meaning of war. Imagery is another particularly effective technique that Owen uses frequently. It is effective because it allows the reader to use their imagination, thus making the poem more interesting but also describing an image too disturbing for words alone. Imagery engages the reader and adds an extra dimension to the poem. One example of disturbing imagery Owen uses is when he states that they ‘cringe in holes’ in a vain attempt to keep out of the cold. We imagine soldiers to be masculine and engaged in battle, not cringing in ‘holes’ to try and avoid an inevitable death. Owen also states that ‘slowly [their] ghosts drag home’, which is a very effective example of imagery due to the fact that it implies that men are dying. It also implies that they are leaving family and relatives behind and that they were ordinary people with homes and lives, not insignificant cannon fodder. The soldiers are ‘lie out [there]’ in the snow and ice, freezing slowly to death. Is seems that they have to proper equipment to keep them warm and are too exhausted to carry on. It is as if they have accepted that they are going to die out in the cold, so far from home and in preventable conditions. In addition, Owen states that ‘His frost will fasten on this mud and us’, implying that God has sent the frost to settle upon them, pushing them closer and closer to an inevitable death. People of this time would have been very religious and believed in the love of God, therefore to comprehend that perhaps God is not looking out for them must be an acceptance that nobody is looking out for them anymore and they are certainly going to die. The imagery of ‘fires’ and ‘red jewels’ is displaying two things that are red. This could also be perceived two ways – firstly, red is the colour of love. It reminds the reader of exactly what the men are missing at the moment†¦warmth and love. However, red is also the colour of danger. The men are in danger at this point – not from physical enemies, but nature instead. The last piece of imagery used in the poem is the most disturbing and depressing. The men have died and ‘the burying-party’ is burying them in makeshift graves with ‘picks and shovels in their shaking grasp’ and ‘pause over half-known faces’. The men are not even getting proper funerals, nor are they being sent home. The reader can guess that this is because there are simply too many deaths and that the burying-party needs to go and bury some more dead soldiers. All the imagery that Owen has used helps him immensely in portraying the true horrors of war as human imagination often exaggerates and runs away with itself, therefore showing exactly how bad war was for these men. To add to this, Owen uses metaphors to embellish his writing. On the very first line he states the ‘[their] brains ache’, possibly meaning that they are so tired and perhaps grief-stricken or shocked that they feel like their very brains are aching with the strain of the extremity of their emotions and hardships. Another metaphor used describes their eyes as ‘ice’, when of course they are not in reality but a deeper meaning, as previously suggested, could be that they are numb on the inside to the horror and grief. All Owens metaphors are implicit, therefore we have to read the deeper meaning ourselves and find the comparative meaning. Too add further, pathetic fallacy is used to try and show the truth of war for the soldiers. Pathetic fallacy is effective in its own right as inanimate objects are viewed as if they have human feelings, emotions or sensations, when the soldiers themselves are not being treated as if they have any of these human things. It is as if things that are not even alive are taken more notice of than dying soldiers. The one example of this that Owen uses is that the ‘rain soaks, and clouds stay stormy’. It implies that conditions are not getting any better for the soldiers and that there is still no hope for them; there is no light at the end of the tunnel for these men and death may even come as a blessing. Emotive language is also used a lot throughout the poem, making us feel sorry for the men and also provoking us to join Owen in his disapproval of the army and government. This technique is used from the very first line in the form of ‘our brains ache’. We feel compassion for the soldiers as they are in this state in the first place because they signed up to fight for our country and defend it, and they are definitely paying the price for their decisions now. Vocabulary such as ‘merciless’, ‘dying’ ‘wearied’ and ‘shivering’ add to the suffering of the men as they are all harsh words. They couple with phrases like ‘twitching agonies of men’ to make the mood of the poem sombre and full of pain. In addition, phrases such as ‘forgotten dreams’ and ‘but nothing happens’ show loss of hope and acceptance of their fate. Towards the end of the poem Owen states that ‘love of God seems dying’, meaning that it seems like even God, who loves all humankind, does not love them anymore. They have been subjected to such horrendous suffering and helplessness – all their faith in God has disappeared, increasing their feelings of isolation. Also, Owen reminds us that ‘[they] lie out [there], therefore [they] were born’. The fact that we have to be reminded that these are men with lives, exactly the same as any of us, is appalling. Owen clearly thinks that these men are not being treated as if they were humans or he is reminding us that these men are not ruthless killing machines, they are brave soldiers with feelings and sensations. We are also reminded again that they are humans with needs when Owen says that ‘wearied, [they] keep awake’. We are reminded that they do need sleep but are deprived of it due to their situation. They have been deprived of such a basic necessity because if they do sleep they will either die from cold or will die from an enemy attack. In addition, the bullets are described as being ‘less deadly than air’. The use of the word deadly is effective as it reminds us how dire the situation is, but the phrase itself shows that something as harmless as air could turn so deadly, killing more people than weapons that were designed to kill. To add to this, the soldiers ‘cringe in holes’. This means that they are recoiling from danger, the danger presently being the natural world – snow, wind and cold. This brings to the public eyes that the danger of war is not just the enemy – but everyday things that can turn sinister in the wrong situation. The most troubling example of emotive language is ‘on us the doors were closed’, referring to a house in which ‘innocent mice rejoice’. Sadly, this shows that even the mice have better living conditions than they do and that the soldiers could have been given shelter – instead, the doors and shutters and closed on them. This shows exactly how much help the soldiers have been given. The truth is that they haven’t been given any support at all and have just been sent out and abandoned without a further thought. Owen very cleverly implies that the army does not care about its men and neither does the government. Yet another technique Owen uses is contrast. The general mood of the poem is depressing and sombre, however there are references to things that are the opposite, such as ‘home’. Home is warm and inviting, something that we are all familiar with. However, instead of having this basic human need they are alone in a hostile environment. This major contrast reminds us exactly how much to soldiers have lost. Another contrast Owen uses is the seemingly endless hardship they are suffering to the shortness of their lives. Words such as ‘successive’, ‘slowly’ and ‘drag’ and phrases such as ‘war lasts’ show us how long these men have had to endure these conditions. They would all also be young men, therefore their lives have been cut short with more than a lifetime’s worth of suffering. We also get the impression that these men represent a lot of other soldiers of the time, showing us exactly how much hardship the war has inflicted and some idea of how many live shave been cut short. In addition, Owen uses an oxymoron to create more contrast – ‘the poignant misery of dawn begins to grow’. Dawn is seen as a fresh new start, however is only brings these men another day of ‘misery’ and suffering. The last techniques that Owen uses effectively are stanza structure and punctuation. The stanzas are organized in a way which shows each of them getting worse and worse, ending with death and burial as a very tragic ending. This is effective as it leaves the reader with a sense of loss and the idea that many, many soldiers died in this way. The stanzas are also ended with a shorter line such as ‘but nothing happens’, displaying finality. Ellipsis is also used effectively as it adds a sense of foreboding, for example in the line; ‘The poignant misery of dawn beings to grow†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. It also creates a pause for reflection. In addition, the slow pace of the poem achieved by many commas, full stops and ellipsis shows how slowly the men are dying and their prolonged agony, waiting for death. This is very effective as the reader feels as though he or she is waiting with them for the end. In conclusion, the variety of techniques stated above that Owen uses all aid him in his quest to reveal the true horror of war. Even his title ‘Exposure’ reveals a little of the truth. This could mean that either that Owen is exposing the truth or that the soldiers are exposed to the elements with no shelter. This cleverly created a deeper meaning and gives the reader an idea of what the poem is going to be about. The simple one word title is also very effective – it seems more final and dramatic.

163482-635 Essays - Chemical Elements, Reducing Agents, Free Essays

163482-635 Essays - Chemical Elements, Reducing Agents, Free Essays 163482-635 Nam e Ali Alkhaja Grade 8(s ) MYP Science Title: Periodic table Key concept: Change Related concepts: Form, change function Global contexts: Scientific and technical innovation Topic : Reactivity series of metals Statement of inquiry: Knowledge - challenging discoveries evolve the periodic table's form to enhance its function of showing trends in the physical and chemical properties of elements. Inquiry questions: Factual : What do atoms look like? Conceptual : How do atoms can be structured? Debatable: What are the limits of scientific understanding in building periodic table? Mr.Nithin MYP Assessment Criteria Criterion B : Inquiring and designing Criterion C : Processing and evaluating Writing a lab report about " Reactivity of metals with water HCl" Due date is on Tuesday 1/Dec/2015 late submission will get zero mark Theory: The Reactivity Series of Metals is an arrangement of the metals in order of their reactivity starting with the most reactive metal at the top and ending with the least reactive metal at the bottom. The reactivity of a metal is determined by its ability to do a chemical reaction. Some metals are strongly reactive with water or HCl like potassium; some metals are weakly reactive such as copper. The reactivity series of metals was deduced by performing several experiments in the lab which enabled scientists to arrange metals according to their reactivity with HCl and water. The reaction of metals with HCl can be described in chemical formula: Metal + HCl Metal Chloride (salt) + Hydrogen e.g. Mg + 2HCl MgCl 2 + H 2 The reaction of metals with water can be described in chemical formula: Metal + water Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen e.g. 2K + 2H 2 O 2KOH + H 2 The Hydrogen gas is flammable . A lighted wooden splint or lighter makes a popping sound in a test tube of hydrogen. Aims : In this investigation you will be able to: Draw reactivity series for different metals Test for hydrogen gas. Explain the reaction between metals and acid. Explain the reaction between metals and water. Compare the reactivity series for both metals with water and metals with acid. Describe the chemical reaction of metals with HCl and water. Materials 10 test tubes Test tube rack Thermometer 25 mL HCl (0.5 M) [ 5 mL for each test tube] 25 mL distilled water [ 5 mL for each test tube] Stopwatch Same size d pieces of metals ( Magnesium "Mg" , Calcium "Ca" , Aluminum "Al", Zinc "Zn" , Copper "Cu") Procedure : Follow the safety rules in the chemistry lab. Gather the following metals: metals ( Magnesium "Mg" , Calcium "Ca" , Aluminum "Al", Zinc "Zn" , Copper "Cu" ) Measure the acid's temperature (T i ) by using thermometer before you drop the metal into it. Remove thermometer then drop the metal into the test tube and start the stopwatch for 2 min. then observe and write your notes about the reaction.(e.g. number of bubbles, change the color, the metal disappears, smell .etc). [Hint: some reactions are instant you have to measure the final temperature directly no need to wait two minutes] U se thermometer to record the highest temperature (T f ) for each reaction . Record your measurements and observations in a suitable table. Repeat the same steps for each metal. Repeat the same steps (1 to 7) by using water. Record your measurements in another table. Work with your partner. Note as many changes as you can and discuss what you think is causing them. Communicate scientific information effectively using scientific language correctly. Present all the information appropriately using symbolic and/or visual representation accurately according to the chosen application . D escribe a problem or question to be tested by a scientific investigation O utline and explain a testable hypothesis using correct scientific reasoning D escribe how to manipulate the variables, and describe how sufficient, relevant data will be collected Design a logical, complete and safe method in which he or she selects appropriate materials and equipment. D iscuss the validity of the method based on the outcome of a scientific investigation D escribe improvements or extensions to the method that would benefit the scientific investigation . Part 1 : Introduction Problem statement: Which metals have a higher

PEMEX Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

PEMEX - Coursework Example The company comprises of four subsidiary entities that practices production, exploration, commercialization and transformation activities for natural gas and oil in the local and international markets (Blowfield, 2013; p. 67). The company also conducts refinery of crude oil and supplies petrochemicals on top of conducting business overseas via PMI Comercio Internacional. This paper explores the sustainability of the company in the global business with major focus on environmental sustenance and economic stability. The country has positioned to provide assurance of the distribution of primary energy products and has therefore input to considerable change and growth in Mexico. In order to guarantee that the company would proceed to contribute significantly to the development of the nation, the company created a business plan in 2010 where the strategies were approved. The government aims to transform and recognize the company as an efficient, safe, modern, profitable, sustainable, transparent and modern firm is set forward. Through the organization the government has established a business plan which is the result of an attempt to focus on the fundamental plans that deal with the major aspects integral to describe the course and objectives of the organization. The business plan can be summarized by the diagram below. In satisfying the company’s and government’s objectives the company has recognized four routes of actions with various specific strategies. These include the growth, corporate responsibility, efficiency and management modernization (Lourdes, 2012; p. 3). The society has so much expectations and attitudes towards the organization and its contribution to sustainability. As a major element of achievement, the society expects that the government through the company to transparently comprehend the effect of their activities at the economic, social and ecological

Ecological Desing a strategie for a business pratice Dissertation

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Child support maintenance Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Child support maintenance - Research Proposal Example The inefficiency of the Child Support Agency in administering child support has hardly made the work easier for stakeholders in the child support industry. One of the most controversial issues is having the parents with care in the child support maintenance. There is a new legislation that is supposed to abolish this, but even though it is in place, its provisions have not yet started being enforced. It begs the question of whether the UK’s system that has parent with care in child support maintenance is correct in doing so. This paper answers that question along with explaining the reason for the existence of that situation. Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Research Title†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...4 Statement of the Problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Objectives of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Research Questions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...6 Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 Research Philosophy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 Data Collection methods†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 Data Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 Ethical Issues†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 Child Support Maintenance Title The tentative research title for this research will be ‘Child Support Maintenance in the UK: Explaining Parent with Care Perspective.’ It is tentative and, therefore, subject to change as the objectives of the research will direct. Background Child support maintenance has been around in the UK for a very long time. It is one of those areas of interest that has raised so much heat in the legal and legislative arenas. Child maintenance involves providing financial help for a child’s everyday living costs which include food, clothes and a home for the child (Wikeley, 2006). This situation usually arises when there are parents who have divorced or separated such that only one of them remains with the custody of the child or children. The parent who takes the responsibility of providing the full care for the child is the one defined as the parent with care under s. 3(3) of the Child Support Act 1991 (Heaton, 2013). The couple may decide to arrange a private family-based arrangement where the parents agree on the terms of maintaining the child. Alternatively, they may decide to go the statutory way; the child maintenance service. Before 30th November 2013, the Child Support Agency established under the Child Support Act 1991 was the body tasked with determining and remitting of the maintenance contributions. However, it was found to be inefficient as the resources it was using to run and administer its services were more than the monetary value of its benefits (Heaton, 2013). The Child Support Act is the main legislation that is used to govern child maintenance in the UK. It provides the legal framework for the payment of child maintenance (Gov.uk, 2014). It also explicates the importance of paying child maintenance and points out that it supports the child’